Heat shock proteins (HSPs) and cold shock proteins (CSPs) are molecular chaperones that help cells manage stress related to extreme temperatures. HSPs are synthesized in response to elevated temperatures and other stressors, aiding in protein folding, repair, and preventing aggregation, thereby protecting cells from heat-induced damage. Conversely, CSPs respond to sudden drops in temperature, stabilizing RNA and proteins to facilitate continued function in cold environments. Both play crucial roles in cellular homeostasis and stress resilience, and are involved in a variety of biological processes including development, aging, and disease response, making them significant in both health and disease contexts.