維它命B4 (choline, adenine or carnitine)
維它命B5 (pantothenic acid, 泛酸)
做為CoA的核心組件
Acetyl-CoA轉移兩個碳(acylation),在TCA循環及膽固醇合成很重要
太廣泛存在了,臨床上見不到缺乏症
維它命B6 (pyridoxine, 吡哆醇)
這六種分子皆具有維它命B6的活性
在體內有作用的輔酶為pyridoxal 5′-phosphate
人體80%的B6位在肌肉中,為glycogen phosphorylase的輔酶。這些B6即使在缺乏時也不會放出來,只有當飢餓肝醣耗盡時才會釋出,以提供給肝臟及腎臟進行糖質新生
與胺基酸代謝的許多酵素有關,尤其是transamination及decarboxylation
也會將hormone-receptor complex從DNA結合處移除,以終結反應。因此B6缺乏時,低劑量荷爾蒙的作用會被增強,比如estrogens, androgens, cortisol, vitamin D(對hormone-dependent cancer可能很重要)
測量存量:用pyridoxal phosphate去測量RBC transaminase的活性
過量會造成感覺神經病變
維它命B7 (biotin, 生物素)
為carboxylase的輔酶,功能是轉移CO2
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase:acetyl-CoA變malonyl-CoA(脂肪酸合成)
Pyruvate carboxylase:pyruvate變oxaloacetate(醣質新生)
Propionyl-CoA carboxylase:propionyl-CoA變D-methyl-malonyl-CoA(醣質新生)
Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase: β-methylcrotonyl-CoA變β-methylglutaconyl-CoA(Leucine代謝成HMG-CoA、acetyl-CoA、acetoacetate等)
Biotin與nuclear protein結合 (biotinylation),可調節cell cycle
維它命B8 (AMP or inositol)
維它命B9 (folate, folic acid, pteroyl glutamate, 葉酸)
Active form為tetrahydrofolate (THF)
但其它多了一碳的葉酸,在食物中也存在
Dietary folate equivalents = Σ food folate (μg) + 1.7 × 添加的folic acid (μg)
轉移各種單碳基
Formyl group.svg - Wiktionaryformyl(甲酰基)
Methyl group.svg - Wikimedia Commonsmethyl(甲基):methionine synthase將5-methyl-THF的methyl基轉給homocysteine,變成methionine
Methylene group.svg - Wikimedia Commonsmethylene(亞甲基):thymidylate synthase把5,10-methylene THF的methyl基還原成methyl後再轉移給dUMP,變成TMP (thymidine monophosphate)。因此為pyrimidine合成之關鍵
Methylene-THF被還原成Methyl-THF這一步是不可逆的
這是Methyl-THF唯一有可能變成THF的步驟
維它命B10 (para-aminobenzoic acid/PABA)
維它命B11 (pteryl-hepta-glutamic acid/PHGA)
維它命B12 (cobalamin, 鈷胺素)
鈷被corrin環包圍。鈷與5個氮結合,第6個位置決定了B12的種類:CN– (cyanobcobalamin), OH– (hydroxocobalamin), H2O (aquocobalamin), -CH3 (methyl cobalamin), 5′-deoxyadenosine (adenosylcobalamin)
為兩個酵素的輔酶:methylmalonyl-CoA mutase及methionine synthase
Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase:胺基酸(valine, isoleucine)及脂肪酸代謝進入TCA cycle
Methionine synthase:合成methionine、將5-methyl-THF回復成活性葉酸